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Foundations

Core blockchain and crypto concepts: wallets, keys, consensus, and the building blocks of Web3.

What is Multi-Party Computation (MPC)?Multi-party computation lets several parties compute a result together without handing each other their raw secrets

What is Multi-Party Computation (MPC)?Multi-party computation lets several parties compute a result together without handing each other their raw secrets. It matters because it changes the usual tradeoff between coordination and privacy: you can collaborate on sensitive data, or control a cryptographic key, without any one place becoming the point of total trust or total failure.Mar 21, 202626 min read

#THRESHOLD SYSTEMS

What is Bribes (DeFi)?DeFi bribes turn voting power into something that can be rented

What is Bribes (DeFi)?DeFi bribes turn voting power into something that can be rented. Once a protocol lets token holders direct emissions, fees, or proposal outcomes, someone else can often pay those holders to vote a certain way — creating a market for influence rather than a simple governance system.Mar 21, 202626 min read

What is a Hash Commitment?A hash commitment lets you publish a short digest now and reveal the underlying value later, in a way that is meant to hide the value at first and lock it in for later verification

What is a Hash Commitment?A hash commitment lets you publish a short digest now and reveal the underlying value later, in a way that is meant to hide the value at first and lock it in for later verification. That simple trick sits underneath coin flipping, auctions, smart-contract commit–reveal flows, and many zero-knowledge systems—but it only works if you understand exactly what the hash is, and is not, buying you.Mar 21, 202626 min read

What is Curve25519?Curve25519 matters because it made strong elliptic-curve cryptography easier to implement safely, not just faster

What is Curve25519?Curve25519 matters because it made strong elliptic-curve cryptography easier to implement safely, not just faster. Its design ties together a carefully chosen curve, a prime field that computers handle efficiently, and formulas that support constant-time key exchange in real protocols like TLS.Mar 21, 202622 min read

What is a Cryptographic Hash Function?Cryptographic hash functions are one of the quiet load-bearing ideas in modern computing

What is a Cryptographic Hash Function?Cryptographic hash functions are one of the quiet load-bearing ideas in modern computing. They turn data of any size into a short fingerprint, and the reason that fingerprint is useful is not compression but a specific kind of one-way structure: it should be easy to compute, but infeasible to reverse or to fake by finding collisions.Mar 21, 202624 min read

#HASH FUNCTIONS

What Is Cryptocurrency?Cryptocurrency matters because it answers a very old problem in a new way: how can people hold and transfer digital value without relying on a single ledger owner? The answer is not just “coins on the internet,” but a combination of cryptography, distributed consensus, and economic incentives that lets a network keep score collectively

What Is Cryptocurrency?Cryptocurrency matters because it answers a very old problem in a new way: how can people hold and transfer digital value without relying on a single ledger owner? The answer is not just “coins on the internet,” but a combination of cryptography, distributed consensus, and economic incentives that lets a network keep score collectively.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What is BFT Consensus?BFT consensus solves a harder problem than ordinary coordination: nodes must agree even when some participants lie, equivocate, or selectively go offline

What is BFT Consensus?BFT consensus solves a harder problem than ordinary coordination: nodes must agree even when some participants lie, equivocate, or selectively go offline. That requirement is why BFT systems can offer fast finality — and why they pay for it with quorum rules, extra communication, and stricter assumptions.Mar 21, 202626 min read

What is Throughput (TPS)?Throughput, usually measured in transactions per second or TPS, sounds like a simple speed number

What is Throughput (TPS)?Throughput, usually measured in transactions per second or TPS, sounds like a simple speed number. In blockchains, it is really a statement about how much work a network can safely agree on, verify, and distribute without breaking its security or decentralization model.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What is Attestation?Attestation is the basic vote that makes proof-of-stake consensus work

What is Attestation?Attestation is the basic vote that makes proof-of-stake consensus work. In Ethereum, validators do not just say “I saw this block” — they simultaneously signal which chain head they support and which checkpoints should move toward finality, and the whole system is built around turning those votes into a stable chain.Mar 21, 202627 min read

What Is Finality?Finality is what lets a blockchain stop arguing with itself

What Is Finality?Finality is what lets a blockchain stop arguing with itself. It is the difference between a transaction that currently appears in the ledger and one that the system has made costly, unlikely, or impossible to reverse.Mar 21, 202628 min read

What is Account Model?The account model is the blockchain design where the ledger stores current balances and contract state directly, rather than tracking spendable outputs

What is Account Model?The account model is the blockchain design where the ledger stores current balances and contract state directly, rather than tracking spendable outputs. That sounds simpler than it is: once many transactions can touch shared state, questions of ordering, replay protection, fees, and execution semantics become the core of the system.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What is MEV?MEV is what happens when control over transaction ordering becomes economically valuable

What is MEV?MEV is what happens when control over transaction ordering becomes economically valuable. In DeFi, that simple fact explains everything from harmless arbitrage to sandwich attacks, private orderflow markets, and even risks to blockchain consensus.Mar 21, 202624 min read