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Foundations: Blockchain

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Blockchain

Mar 21, 2026

What is the UTXO Model?

Learn what the UTXO model is, how unspent outputs work, why wallets create change, and how UTXO differs from account-based blockchains.

22 min read

Blockchain

Mar 21, 2026

What Is an Uncle Block?

Learn what uncle blocks are, why Ethereum rewarded them in proof-of-work, how they worked mechanically, and why they disappeared after the Merge.

21 min read

Blockchain

Mar 21, 2026

What is a Blockchain Transaction?

Learn what a blockchain transaction is, how it works, why signatures and consensus both matter, and how Bitcoin and Ethereum transactions differ.

26 min read

Blockchain

Mar 21, 2026

What is a Soft Fork?

Learn what a soft fork is in blockchain, how backward-compatible consensus upgrades work, why they matter, and how activation differs from hard forks.

23 min read

Blockchain

Mar 21, 2026

What is a Merkle Tree?

Learn what a Merkle tree is, how Merkle roots and proofs work, and why blockchains use them for transaction inclusion, light clients, and state commitments.

23 min read

Blockchain

Mar 21, 2026

What is an Orphan Block?

Learn what an orphan block is, how it differs from a stale block, why competing chains create it, and what it means for rewards, reorgs, and security.

25 min read

Blockchain

Mar 21, 2026

What is Chain Reorganization?

Learn what a chain reorganization is, why blockchain history can change near the tip, how reorgs work, and why confirmations and finality matter.

25 min read

Blockchain

Mar 21, 2026

What is a Hard Fork?

Learn what a hard fork is in blockchain, how incompatible consensus-rule changes split chains, and why hard forks differ from soft forks.

21 min read

Blockchain

Mar 21, 2026

What is Blockchain Latency?

Learn what blockchain latency really means, from propagation and inclusion to confirmation and finality, and why it shapes speed, forks, and liveness.

26 min read

Blockchain

Mar 21, 2026