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Foundations: Execution

What Is a State Machine in Blockchain Execution?A blockchain is not just a ledger of past transactions

What Is a State Machine in Blockchain Execution?A blockchain is not just a ledger of past transactions. At a deeper level, it is a state machine: a system that takes the current state, applies valid inputs in order, and produces one agreed next state. That idea is what makes smart-contract execution legible.Mar 21, 202622 min read

What Is a Virtual Machine in Blockchain?A blockchain virtual machine is the part of the system that turns transactions into state changes without leaving room for disagreement

What Is a Virtual Machine in Blockchain?A blockchain virtual machine is the part of the system that turns transactions into state changes without leaving room for disagreement. It matters because smart contracts are only useful if thousands of nodes can execute the same program, get the same result, and know exactly how much that execution should cost.Mar 21, 202626 min read

What is a Smart Contract?Smart contracts matter because they turn blockchain state changes into programmable commitments

What is a Smart Contract?Smart contracts matter because they turn blockchain state changes into programmable commitments. The basic idea sounds simple—code that runs on a blockchain—but the real substance is why anyone would trust that code, what it can actually enforce, and where that trust stops.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What Is a Solana Program?Solana programs look like smart contracts, but they work on a different architectural idea: code is separate from state, and every transaction must declare the accounts it will touch

What Is a Solana Program?Solana programs look like smart contracts, but they work on a different architectural idea: code is separate from state, and every transaction must declare the accounts it will touch. That design is a big reason Solana can execute quickly in parallel, but it also changes how developers think about storage, authority, upgrades, and limits.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What Is Deterministic Execution?Deterministic execution is the quiet rule that makes blockchains work: every node must compute the same result from the same transaction and state

What Is Deterministic Execution?Deterministic execution is the quiet rule that makes blockchains work: every node must compute the same result from the same transaction and state. If contract execution could depend on local time, randomness, or machine quirks, the network would stop agreeing on what happened.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What is the EVM?The EVM matters because blockchains need more than a ledger: they need a machine every node can run and agree on exactly

What is the EVM?The EVM matters because blockchains need more than a ledger: they need a machine every node can run and agree on exactly. Ethereum’s answer is the Ethereum Virtual Machine, a metered, deterministic runtime that turns transactions into state changes without relying on any single computer.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What is WASM (WebAssembly)?WebAssembly matters because it separates *how software is written* from *where it runs*

What is WASM (WebAssembly)?WebAssembly matters because it separates *how software is written* from *where it runs*. It gives programs a compact, portable, sandboxed execution format that can work in browsers, servers, and smart contract runtimes—while still coming with important constraints around host access, determinism, and interoperability.Mar 21, 202625 min read