Select Language

Bahasa Indonesia

แบบไทย

Foundations

Core blockchain and crypto concepts: wallets, keys, consensus, and the building blocks of Web3.

What is a Wallet & Blockchain Address?A wallet is not your coins, and an address is not your account in the same way on every chain

What is a Wallet & Blockchain Address?A wallet is not your coins, and an address is not your account in the same way on every chain. Once that distinction clicks, key management, backups, address formats, and common mistakes like sending to the wrong place become much easier to reason about.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What Is a Nonce?A nonce looks like a small field in a transaction, but it solves a deep problem: how does a network know whether a signed instruction is new, duplicated, or out of order? Once that clicks, nonce stops being a wallet annoyance and becomes one of the core mechanisms behind transaction safety and execution

What Is a Nonce?A nonce looks like a small field in a transaction, but it solves a deep problem: how does a network know whether a signed instruction is new, duplicated, or out of order? Once that clicks, nonce stops being a wallet annoyance and becomes one of the core mechanisms behind transaction safety and execution.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What is Account Abstraction?Account abstraction changes a wallet’s most important rule: who is allowed to act, and under what conditions

What is Account Abstraction?Account abstraction changes a wallet’s most important rule: who is allowed to act, and under what conditions. Instead of forcing every account to behave like a single private key, it makes authorization programmable — which is why features like recovery, gas sponsorship, batching, and passkey-based wallets become possible.Mar 21, 202626 min read

What is Tokenomics?Tokenomics is the design of a token’s economic rules: who gets it, what it does, how supply changes, and why anyone should hold or use it

What is Tokenomics?Tokenomics is the design of a token’s economic rules: who gets it, what it does, how supply changes, and why anyone should hold or use it. Good tokenomics is not decoration on top of a blockchain project; it is the mechanism that shapes behavior, security, liquidity, and long-term viability.Mar 21, 202626 min read

What Are Compressed NFTs?Compressed NFTs make a strange trade: they stop giving every NFT its own full on-chain account

What Are Compressed NFTs?Compressed NFTs make a strange trade: they stop giving every NFT its own full on-chain account. Instead, they anchor many NFTs inside a Merkle tree, keeping verification on-chain while pushing most detailed data into transaction history and indexed data services. That trade is why mass-scale NFT minting becomes economically possible.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What Are Token Approvals?Token approvals are the quiet permission system behind most token-based apps

What Are Token Approvals?Token approvals are the quiet permission system behind most token-based apps. They let a wallet authorize a contract or another address to move assets later — which is convenient, but also creates one of the most persistent security surfaces in crypto.Mar 21, 202623 min read

What is Formal Verification?Formal verification matters because some software failures are not just bugs — they are broken promises hidden inside systems that may hold money, control access, or enforce consensus

What is Formal Verification?Formal verification matters because some software failures are not just bugs — they are broken promises hidden inside systems that may hold money, control access, or enforce consensus. Instead of sampling behavior the way tests do, formal verification asks a stronger question: can we prove, mathematically, that the implementation obeys the properties we care about?Mar 21, 202626 min read

What Is Restaking?Restaking tries to answer a simple question: if stake already secures one system, can it secure another too? The idea promises far better capital efficiency, but it also creates a new kind of shared risk, where one pool of stake can fail in several places at once

What Is Restaking?Restaking tries to answer a simple question: if stake already secures one system, can it secure another too? The idea promises far better capital efficiency, but it also creates a new kind of shared risk, where one pool of stake can fail in several places at once.Mar 21, 202626 min read

What is Layer 1?Layer 1 is the base blockchain that decides what counts as true: who can update state, how blocks are produced, and when transactions are final

What is Layer 1?Layer 1 is the base blockchain that decides what counts as true: who can update state, how blocks are produced, and when transactions are final. Understanding Layer 1 is the key to understanding why scaling is hard, why Layer 2 exists, and why different chains make very different tradeoffs.Mar 21, 202622 min read

What is an Aggregator?An aggregator is the rollup component that turns many offchain transactions into a small onchain footprint

What is an Aggregator?An aggregator is the rollup component that turns many offchain transactions into a small onchain footprint. It is where scalability becomes concrete: batching, compression, data publication, and sometimes proof submission all happen here — along with some of a rollup’s sharpest trust and liveness tradeoffs.Mar 21, 202622 min read

What is Danksharding?Danksharding matters because it changes what Ethereum tries to scale

What is Danksharding?Danksharding matters because it changes what Ethereum tries to scale. Instead of making every node execute vastly more transactions, it tries to make publishing rollup data much cheaper and much larger in volume, so Layer 2 systems can do the heavy execution work while Ethereum verifies that the data was really made available.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What Is Data Availability?Data availability sounds like a storage detail, but it is really a security property: can anyone actually get the block data needed to verify what happened? Modern scaling systems rise or fall on this question, because cheap execution is useless if the underlying data can be hidden

What Is Data Availability?Data availability sounds like a storage detail, but it is really a security property: can anyone actually get the block data needed to verify what happened? Modern scaling systems rise or fall on this question, because cheap execution is useless if the underlying data can be hidden.Mar 21, 202626 min read