Select Language

Bahasa Indonesia

แบบไทย

Foundations

Core blockchain and crypto concepts: wallets, keys, consensus, and the building blocks of Web3.

What is secp256k1?secp256k1 is the elliptic curve behind Bitcoin keys, legacy Ethereum transaction signatures, and many other blockchain systems

What is secp256k1?secp256k1 is the elliptic curve behind Bitcoin keys, legacy Ethereum transaction signatures, and many other blockchain systems. Its importance is easy to underestimate: a short parameter list defines the exact mathematical world in which private keys, public keys, and signatures all have to agree.Mar 21, 202622 min read

What Are KZG Commitments?KZG commitments are a way to commit to an entire polynomial with a single small cryptographic object, then later prove specific values of that polynomial with equally short proofs

What Are KZG Commitments?KZG commitments are a way to commit to an entire polynomial with a single small cryptographic object, then later prove specific values of that polynomial with equally short proofs. That unusual combination of compactness and verifiability is why they matter in modern zero-knowledge systems and blockchain data-availability designs.Mar 21, 202623 min read

What is a Pedersen Commitment?Pedersen commitments solve a delicate problem: how to hide a value completely while still letting others verify arithmetic about it

What is a Pedersen Commitment?Pedersen commitments solve a delicate problem: how to hide a value completely while still letting others verify arithmetic about it. That combination — **perfect hiding** with **additive homomorphism** — is why they sit underneath confidential transactions, range proofs, and many zero-knowledge systems.Mar 21, 202621 min read

What Is a Polynomial Commitment?Polynomial commitments solve a surprisingly specific problem with broad consequences: how do you bind yourself to a whole polynomial now, then later prove just one value of it without revealing everything else? That simple capability sits underneath modern SNARKs, verifiable secret sharing, and blockchain data-availability designs

What Is a Polynomial Commitment?Polynomial commitments solve a surprisingly specific problem with broad consequences: how do you bind yourself to a whole polynomial now, then later prove just one value of it without revealing everything else? That simple capability sits underneath modern SNARKs, verifiable secret sharing, and blockchain data-availability designs.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What is a Validator?A validator is the actor a proof-of-stake system trusts to keep time, check blocks, and help decide what the chain is

What is a Validator?A validator is the actor a proof-of-stake system trusts to keep time, check blocks, and help decide what the chain is. That sounds simple until you ask the hard question: why should anyone believe them? The answer is a mix of stake, signatures, protocol rules, and penalties that make honest behavior the safer path.Mar 21, 202626 min read

What is Sybil Resistance?Sybil resistance is the reason a blockchain cannot be taken over just by spinning up thousands of fake nodes

What is Sybil Resistance?Sybil resistance is the reason a blockchain cannot be taken over just by spinning up thousands of fake nodes. The hard part is not detecting fake names; it is making influence expensive, so consensus tracks scarce resources or trusted membership rather than raw identity count.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What Is Slashing?Slashing is the mechanism that gives proof-of-stake systems real teeth

What Is Slashing?Slashing is the mechanism that gives proof-of-stake systems real teeth. By destroying part of a validator’s stake for provable misbehavior, it turns equivocation from a cheap gamble into an expensive one — and that is what makes economic finality believable.Mar 21, 202623 min read

What Is Slot and Epoch?A blockchain needs a shared notion of time, but not the fragile kind that depends on every machine agreeing on the exact clock

What Is Slot and Epoch?A blockchain needs a shared notion of time, but not the fragile kind that depends on every machine agreeing on the exact clock. **Slots** and **epochs** solve that by giving consensus a logical schedule: short windows for proposing blocks, and larger windows for rotating duties, aggregating votes, and deciding finality.Mar 21, 202622 min read

What Is Consensus Safety?Consensus safety is the promise that a distributed system will not confirm two conflicting histories

What Is Consensus Safety?Consensus safety is the promise that a distributed system will not confirm two conflicting histories. That sounds simple, but it is the property that keeps a blockchain from spending the same asset twice, executing different contract states on different nodes, or calling two incompatible outcomes “final.”Mar 21, 202625 min read

What is Proof of Work?Proof of Work looks wasteful at first glance: why make computers do useless calculations just to add a block? The answer is that in an open network, costly work is not a side effect but the mechanism that makes influence expensive, verifiable, and hard to fake

What is Proof of Work?Proof of Work looks wasteful at first glance: why make computers do useless calculations just to add a block? The answer is that in an open network, costly work is not a side effect but the mechanism that makes influence expensive, verifiable, and hard to fake.Mar 21, 202621 min read

What is Quorum?A quorum is the smallest idea that makes distributed agreement possible: you do not need everyone to agree, but you do need enough participants that any two winning groups overlap

What is Quorum?A quorum is the smallest idea that makes distributed agreement possible: you do not need everyone to agree, but you do need enough participants that any two winning groups overlap. That overlap is what carries information from one round to the next and prevents a network from deciding two different truths at once.Mar 21, 202623 min read

What Is Proof of Stake?Proof of Stake matters because it answers a basic blockchain problem in a very different way from Proof of Work

What Is Proof of Stake?Proof of Stake matters because it answers a basic blockchain problem in a very different way from Proof of Work. Instead of spending electricity to make attacks expensive, it asks validators to lock up capital that can be rewarded for honest behavior or destroyed for cheating.Mar 21, 202623 min read