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Foundations: Infrastructure

What is a Light Client?A light client lets you verify blockchain information without carrying the whole chain

What is a Light Client?A light client lets you verify blockchain information without carrying the whole chain. The core idea is simple but subtle: keep a small trusted view of consensus, fetch data from others, and check cryptographic proofs locally so you do not have to trust the server that answered you.Mar 21, 202626 min read

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What is an Execution Client?An execution client is the part of a blockchain node that actually runs transactions and updates state

What is an Execution Client?An execution client is the part of a blockchain node that actually runs transactions and updates state. On Ethereum, it became especially important after The Merge, because nodes now split execution from consensus and rely on both pieces working together.Mar 21, 202624 min read

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What Is a Full Node?A full node is the machine that refuses to take the blockchain’s word for it

What Is a Full Node?A full node is the machine that refuses to take the blockchain’s word for it. Instead of trusting a wallet app, RPC provider, or validator’s claim, it downloads chain data itself, checks the rules itself, and only then accepts a block or transaction as real.Mar 21, 202621 min read

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What is a Consensus Client?A blockchain does not reach agreement by magic

What is a Consensus Client?A blockchain does not reach agreement by magic. A consensus client is the software that tracks the chain other honest nodes consider valid, applies the protocol’s voting rules, and tells validators what they are allowed to sign.Mar 21, 202623 min read

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What is a Blockchain Node?A blockchain node is just a computer running protocol software — but that simple idea is the reason blockchains can work without a central server

What is a Blockchain Node?A blockchain node is just a computer running protocol software — but that simple idea is the reason blockchains can work without a central server. Nodes validate, store, relay, and sometimes produce blocks, turning a ledger from a website someone controls into a network anyone can independently check.Mar 21, 202624 min read

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What is Client Diversity?Client diversity is the idea that a blockchain network should not depend on one dominant node implementation

What is Client Diversity?Client diversity is the idea that a blockchain network should not depend on one dominant node implementation. When many operators run different, independently built clients, bugs and attacks have a smaller blast radius — which can be the difference between a contained incident and a chain-wide failure.Mar 21, 202625 min read

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What Is a Block Explorer?A block explorer is the public window into a blockchain: not the chain itself, but the system that turns raw node data into something humans and applications can actually search

What Is a Block Explorer?A block explorer is the public window into a blockchain: not the chain itself, but the system that turns raw node data into something humans and applications can actually search. If wallets tell you what they think happened, explorers are where you go to verify what the network recorded.Mar 21, 202622 min read

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What is Block Propagation?Block propagation is the process that turns a newly produced block from a local event into a network-wide fact

What is Block Propagation?Block propagation is the process that turns a newly produced block from a local event into a network-wide fact. If that spread is slow, wasteful, or easy to disrupt, nodes briefly disagree about the chain tip—and that disagreement shows up as stale blocks, slower finality, and real security risk.Mar 21, 202628 min read

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What is RPC?RPC is how software talks to a blockchain node without living inside the node itself

What is RPC?RPC is how software talks to a blockchain node without living inside the node itself. It turns network messages into something that feels like calling a function, which is why wallets, explorers, exchanges, and infrastructure providers can query chain state and submit transactions through a standard interface.Mar 21, 202626 min read

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