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Foundations

Core blockchain and crypto concepts: wallets, keys, consensus, and the building blocks of Web3.

What are Public and Private Keys?Public and private keys are the small cryptographic objects that make digital ownership possible

What are Public and Private Keys?Public and private keys are the small cryptographic objects that make digital ownership possible. If you understand why one key can be shared while the other must stay secret, much of how wallets, addresses, and transaction signing work starts to make sense.Mar 21, 202618 min read

What is a Seed Phrase?A seed phrase is a strange object: just a short list of words, yet enough to recreate an entire wallet

What is a Seed Phrase?A seed phrase is a strange object: just a short list of words, yet enough to recreate an entire wallet. Its power comes from a simple idea — the words are not your coins, but a human-friendly way to carry the secret entropy from which all your wallet keys can be derived.Mar 21, 202622 min read

What is a Smart Account?Smart accounts turn a wallet from a single private key into programmable on-chain logic

What is a Smart Account?Smart accounts turn a wallet from a single private key into programmable on-chain logic. That shift sounds small, but it changes what a wallet can do: recovery, multisig, batching, sponsored fees, and custom signing rules become properties of the account itself.Mar 21, 202626 min read

What Is Multisig?Multisig changes a basic assumption of wallets: one key no longer means one point of control

What Is Multisig?Multisig changes a basic assumption of wallets: one key no longer means one point of control. By requiring `m` approvals out of `n` possible signers, it turns a wallet from a single secret into a coordination rule — which improves resilience, but also introduces new operational risks.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What Is a Non-Custodial Wallet?A non-custodial wallet gives you control of the cryptographic keys that authorize spending

What Is a Non-Custodial Wallet?A non-custodial wallet gives you control of the cryptographic keys that authorize spending. That sounds like a simple feature, but it changes the whole trust model: no intermediary can freeze your funds, and no intermediary can save you if you lose your keys.Mar 21, 202622 min read

What is a Passphrase?A wallet passphrase is powerful because it does not merely lock an existing wallet — it changes which wallet is derived from the same recovery phrase

What is a Passphrase?A wallet passphrase is powerful because it does not merely lock an existing wallet — it changes which wallet is derived from the same recovery phrase. That gives you an extra layer of protection and even plausible deniability, but it also creates a sharp tradeoff: a forgotten passphrase is usually a permanently lost wallet.Mar 21, 202621 min read

What is Key Sharding?Key sharding changes the basic failure mode of a wallet

What is Key Sharding?Key sharding changes the basic failure mode of a wallet. Instead of one secret that can be lost or stolen in a single event, control is divided into shares so recovery and signing depend on a threshold, not a single point of failure.Mar 21, 202623 min read

What Is an MPC Wallet?An MPC wallet changes one of the oldest assumptions in crypto custody: that one private key must exist somewhere in full

What Is an MPC Wallet?An MPC wallet changes one of the oldest assumptions in crypto custody: that one private key must exist somewhere in full. Instead, signing power is split across multiple parties that cooperate to produce an ordinary blockchain signature, reducing single points of failure without changing how the chain verifies transactions.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What is a Hardware Wallet?A hardware wallet exists to solve a narrow but important problem: how do you use private keys on an internet-connected world without leaving those keys inside an internet-connected machine? The answer is a dedicated signing device that keeps secrets offline while still letting you approve real transactions

What is a Hardware Wallet?A hardware wallet exists to solve a narrow but important problem: how do you use private keys on an internet-connected world without leaving those keys inside an internet-connected machine? The answer is a dedicated signing device that keeps secrets offline while still letting you approve real transactions.Mar 21, 202623 min read

What is a Hot Wallet?A hot wallet is useful for exactly the reason it is risky: the keys or signing authority stay close to the internet so transactions can happen quickly

What is a Hot Wallet?A hot wallet is useful for exactly the reason it is risky: the keys or signing authority stay close to the internet so transactions can happen quickly. That design makes hot wallets the default interface for dapps, trading, and everyday onchain activity — and the part of crypto custody that demands the most careful security thinking.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What Is Key Derivation (BIP32/39/44)?Key derivation is the machinery that lets one secret back up an entire wallet

What Is Key Derivation (BIP32/39/44)?Key derivation is the machinery that lets one secret back up an entire wallet. BIP-39 turns randomness into words, BIP-32 turns a seed into a tree of keys, and BIP-44 gives wallets a shared map so different apps can find the same accounts and addresses.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What Is ERC-4337? How Ethereum Account Abstraction Works Without Protocol ChangesERC-4337 changes wallets by changing the path a transaction takes

What Is ERC-4337? How Ethereum Account Abstraction Works Without Protocol ChangesERC-4337 changes wallets by changing the path a transaction takes. Instead of forcing every user to act like a bare private key with ETH for gas, it lets smart accounts authorize actions through programmable logic while bundlers and an EntryPoint contract bridge that intent onto Ethereum.Mar 21, 202626 min read