Category archive

Foundations

The building blocks of crypto: wallets, private keys, consensus mechanisms, and the core concepts underpinning blockchain technology.

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Wallets

Mar 21, 2026

What is a Hot Wallet?

Learn what a hot wallet is, how it works, why it enables fast crypto activity, and why online signing authority creates major security tradeoffs.

24 min read

Wallets

Mar 21, 2026

What Is Key Derivation (BIP32/39/44)?

Learn how BIP-39, BIP-32, and BIP-44 turn one seed phrase into a structured wallet tree of keys, accounts, and addresses.

24 min read

Wallets

Mar 21, 2026

What Is ERC-4337? How Ethereum Account Abstraction Works Without Protocol Changes

Learn what ERC-4337 is, how UserOperations, bundlers, EntryPoint, and paymasters enable smart accounts on Ethereum without protocol changes.

26 min read

Wallets

Mar 21, 2026

What Is a Bech32 Address?

Learn what a Bech32 address is, why Bitcoin introduced it for native SegWit, how its checksum works, and when Bech32m is used instead.

22 min read

Wallets

Mar 21, 2026

What is a Cold Wallet?

Learn what a cold wallet is, how offline key storage and signing work, why it improves security, and where backups and device trust still matter.

24 min read

Wallets

Mar 21, 2026

What is a Custodial Wallet?

Learn what a custodial wallet is, how it works, why exchanges use it, and the key tradeoffs around control, recovery, and counterparty risk.

23 min read

Wallets

Mar 21, 2026

What is Address Derivation?

Learn what address derivation is, how wallets turn seeds and keys into addresses, and why derivation rules differ across Bitcoin, Ethereum, and more.

23 min read

Transactions

Mar 21, 2026

What Are Network Fees?

Learn what network fees are, why blockchains charge them, how Bitcoin and Ethereum fee markets work, and what determines transaction cost.

25 min read

Transactions

Mar 21, 2026

What Are Blockchain Confirmations?

Learn what blockchain confirmations are, how they reduce double-spend risk, why 6 confirmations is only a guideline, and how finality differs across chains.

23 min read

Transactions

Mar 21, 2026

What is Gas?

Learn what gas is in blockchain transactions, why it exists, how Ethereum gas fees work, and how gas limits, base fees, and tips affect execution.

24 min read

Tokens

Mar 21, 2026

What is Token Vesting?

Learn what token vesting is, why projects use it, how vesting schedules and unlocks work on-chain, and the main risks, tradeoffs, and design patterns.

25 min read

Tokens

Mar 21, 2026

What is a Token?

Learn what tokens are in blockchain systems, how they represent value, and why standards like ERC-20, ERC-721, and ERC-1155 matter.

24 min read