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Foundations

Core blockchain and crypto concepts: wallets, keys, consensus, and the building blocks of Web3.

What Is a Bech32 Address?Bech32 addresses look unusual on purpose

What Is a Bech32 Address?Bech32 addresses look unusual on purpose. Their lowercase alphabet, visible network prefix, and strong checksum were designed to make Bitcoin’s native SegWit payments cheaper to use and harder to mistype than older address formats.Mar 21, 202622 min read

What is a Cold Wallet?A cold wallet exists for a simple reason: if a private key never lives on an internet-connected machine, many common attacks stop working

What is a Cold Wallet?A cold wallet exists for a simple reason: if a private key never lives on an internet-connected machine, many common attacks stop working. That sounds straightforward, but the real story is in the mechanics — how offline keys still create valid transactions, where the protection is strong, and where it depends on careful backups and operational discipline.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What is a Custodial Wallet?A custodial wallet makes crypto easier by letting someone else hold the keys and handle recovery, trading, and transfers

What is a Custodial Wallet?A custodial wallet makes crypto easier by letting someone else hold the keys and handle recovery, trading, and transfers. That convenience solves a real problem, but it also changes what you actually own: not direct control of the asset, but a claim on the custodian that depends on its systems, honesty, and solvency.Mar 21, 202623 min read

What is Address Derivation?Address derivation is the step that turns keys into the account identifiers people actually use

What is Address Derivation?Address derivation is the step that turns keys into the account identifiers people actually use. It looks simple from the outside—a string you paste into a wallet—but under the hood it defines recovery, interoperability, privacy boundaries, and even what counts as the “same account” on different chains.Mar 21, 202623 min read

What Are Network Fees?Network fees are the price of scarce block space

What Are Network Fees?Network fees are the price of scarce block space. They are not arbitrary tolls: they are the mechanism blockchains use to decide which transactions get included first, compensate miners or validators, and make large-scale spam expensive.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What Are Blockchain Confirmations?A blockchain transaction can look done long before it is truly hard to reverse

What Are Blockchain Confirmations?A blockchain transaction can look done long before it is truly hard to reverse. Confirmations are the practical measure users and services rely on to decide when a payment is merely seen, included, or buried deeply enough that reversing it becomes unlikely or economically costly.Mar 21, 202623 min read

What is Gas?Gas is how blockchains put a price and a limit on computation

What is Gas?Gas is how blockchains put a price and a limit on computation. Without it, a smart contract could loop forever, validators would have no clear way to ration scarce block space, and users would have no predictable way to compete for inclusion.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What is Token Vesting?Token vesting is the mechanism that turns a token allocation into a time-based promise instead of an immediate balance

What is Token Vesting?Token vesting is the mechanism that turns a token allocation into a time-based promise instead of an immediate balance. It matters because who can sell, transfer, or claim tokens today changes governance, incentives, and circulating supply in ways that often matter more than the headline token supply.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What is a Token?Tokens are how blockchains represent value beyond a chain’s native coin

What is a Token?Tokens are how blockchains represent value beyond a chain’s native coin. Once you see a token as a shared ledger rule for tracking claims, rights, or units of account, standards like ERC-20, ERC-721, and ERC-1155 stop looking like jargon and start looking like interoperability machinery.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What Is an Algorithmic Stablecoin?Algorithmic stablecoins are an attempt to do something deceptively hard: keep a digital asset near a fixed price without simply holding matching dollars in reserve

What Is an Algorithmic Stablecoin?Algorithmic stablecoins are an attempt to do something deceptively hard: keep a digital asset near a fixed price without simply holding matching dollars in reserve. Their appeal is capital efficiency and onchain automation, but the same design choice creates distinctive fragility when confidence breaks.Mar 21, 202623 min read

What Is a Stablecoin? How Stablecoins Work, Keep a Peg, and BreakStablecoins try to do something unusual: keep the portability and programmability of crypto while removing most of the price volatility

What Is a Stablecoin? How Stablecoins Work, Keep a Peg, and BreakStablecoins try to do something unusual: keep the portability and programmability of crypto while removing most of the price volatility. That simple goal hides very different mechanisms — some depend on redeemable reserves, some on overcollateralized loans, and some fail precisely because stability is harder than it looks.Mar 21, 202623 min read

What is a Soulbound Token?Soulbound tokens try to use blockchains for something ordinary tokens are bad at: representing facts about a person or account that should not be sold away

What is a Soulbound Token?Soulbound tokens try to use blockchains for something ordinary tokens are bad at: representing facts about a person or account that should not be sold away. The idea is simple, but making \"non-transferable\" credentials actually work raises deep questions about identity, privacy, recovery, and what wallets really prove.Mar 21, 202623 min read