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Foundations: Cryptography

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Hash Functions

Mar 21, 2026

What is SHA-256?

Learn what SHA-256 is, how it works internally, why it matters in cryptography and blockchains, and where its assumptions and limits matter.

24 min read

Cryptography

Mar 21, 2026

What is a Merkle Proof?

Learn what a Merkle proof is, how it works, why it enables compact verification, and how Bitcoin, Ethereum, Cosmos, and Substrate use it.

22 min read

Hash Functions

Mar 21, 2026

What is Poseidon Hash?

Learn what Poseidon hash is, why it was built for zero-knowledge proofs, how its sponge and HADES rounds work, and where its tradeoffs matter.

24 min read

Curves

Mar 21, 2026

What is X25519?

Learn what X25519 is, how Curve25519 Diffie–Hellman works, why the Montgomery ladder matters, and where implementations can still fail.

22 min read

Curves

Mar 21, 2026

What Is Elliptic Curve Cryptography?

Learn what Elliptic Curve Cryptography is, how ECC works, why it uses small keys, and how it powers signatures and key exchange.

27 min read

Curves

Mar 21, 2026

What is secp256k1?

Learn what secp256k1 is, how its curve parameters define keys and signatures, and why Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other systems use it.

22 min read

Commitments

Mar 21, 2026

What Are KZG Commitments?

Learn what KZG commitments are, how they use pairings and a trusted setup to commit to polynomials, and why EIP-4844 uses them for blobs.

23 min read

Commitments

Mar 21, 2026

What is a Pedersen Commitment?

Learn what Pedersen commitments are, how `C = vH + rG` works, why they are perfectly hiding, computationally binding, and crucial in zero-knowledge.

21 min read

Commitments

Mar 21, 2026

What Is a Polynomial Commitment?

Learn what polynomial commitments are, how they prove polynomial evaluations succinctly, and why they matter for SNARKs, secret sharing, and data availability.

24 min read

Signatures

Mar 21, 2026

What is a BLS Signature?

Learn what BLS signatures are, how pairing-based verification works, why aggregation matters, and the key security trade-offs in practice.

21 min read

Threshold Systems

Mar 21, 2026

What is Multi-Party Computation (MPC)?

Learn what multi-party computation (MPC) is, how it protects private inputs during joint computation, and why it powers threshold signing and MPC wallets.

26 min read

Commitments

Mar 21, 2026

What is a Hash Commitment?

Learn what hash commitments are, how they provide hiding and binding, why plain hashing is often insufficient, and how commit–reveal schemes work.

26 min read