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Protocols

Layer 1 and Layer 2 networks, DeFi protocols, and the infrastructure powering decentralized apps.

What Are State Channels?State channels are a way to use a blockchain without asking the blockchain to process every step

What Are State Channels?State channels are a way to use a blockchain without asking the blockchain to process every step. On Bitcoin, that idea shows up most clearly in payment channels and the Lightning Network: parties update balances off-chain, then fall back to the chain only when they need settlement or dispute resolution.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What is Replace-By-Fee?Replace-By-Fee matters because a Bitcoin transaction is not truly final when it is merely seen on the network

What is Replace-By-Fee?Replace-By-Fee matters because a Bitcoin transaction is not truly final when it is merely seen on the network. RBF formalizes that reality by letting an unconfirmed transaction be replaced with a higher-fee version, which helps stuck payments confirm but also changes how wallets and merchants should think about zero-confirmation trust.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What Are Payment Channels?Payment channels solve a very specific problem: blockchains are good at final settlement, but poor at handling every small back-and-forth payment directly

What Are Payment Channels?Payment channels solve a very specific problem: blockchains are good at final settlement, but poor at handling every small back-and-forth payment directly. By locking funds once on-chain and updating balances off-chain, channels make fast, low-fee payments possible without giving up the blockchain as the final judge.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What is Runes?Runes is a Bitcoin-native fungible token protocol built around the UTXO model and compact `OP_RETURN` messages

What is Runes?Runes is a Bitcoin-native fungible token protocol built around the UTXO model and compact `OP_RETURN` messages. Its appeal is not that it makes tokens possible on Bitcoin, but that it tries to do so with fewer moving parts, less indexing guesswork, and a smaller on-chain footprint than earlier approaches.Mar 21, 202623 min read

What is Miniscript?Miniscript is a way to write complex Bitcoin spending conditions without treating Bitcoin Script like hand-crafted bytecode

What is Miniscript?Miniscript is a way to write complex Bitcoin spending conditions without treating Bitcoin Script like hand-crafted bytecode. Its importance is not that it adds new powers, but that it makes existing Script policies analyzable, composable, and much safer for wallets and tools to handle.Mar 21, 202624 min read

What Is OP_RETURN?OP_RETURN is Bitcoin’s built-in way to put small pieces of data into a transaction without pretending that output will ever be spent

What Is OP_RETURN?OP_RETURN is Bitcoin’s built-in way to put small pieces of data into a transaction without pretending that output will ever be spent. Its importance is not that it stores data cheaply, but that it does so in a form nodes can recognize as unspendable, which avoids polluting the UTXO set.Mar 21, 202622 min read

What is Ordinals?Ordinals make an odd claim: on Bitcoin, every satoshi can be treated as a distinct object, not just part of a balance

What is Ordinals?Ordinals make an odd claim: on Bitcoin, every satoshi can be treated as a distinct object, not just part of a balance. That simple numbering idea turns fungible units into trackable carriers for collectibles, inscriptions, and other assets—without changing Bitcoin itself.Mar 21, 202622 min read

What Is Bitcoin Halving?Bitcoin halving is the rule that cuts new bitcoin issuance in half every 210,000 blocks

What Is Bitcoin Halving?Bitcoin halving is the rule that cuts new bitcoin issuance in half every 210,000 blocks. It matters because it links Bitcoin’s supply, miner incentives, and long-term security into a single mechanism: fewer new coins over time, and eventually a network funded mainly by transaction fees.Mar 21, 202619 min read

What is Inscriptions?Bitcoin inscriptions make it possible to bind arbitrary on-chain content to a specific satoshi

What is Inscriptions?Bitcoin inscriptions make it possible to bind arbitrary on-chain content to a specific satoshi. The interesting part is not just that Bitcoin can store media, but that ordinals give one sat identity, so wallets and indexers can follow the inscribed sat as it moves through normal Bitcoin transactions.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What Is the Lightning Network?The Lightning Network matters because Bitcoin’s base layer is excellent at settlement but poor at handling many small, fast payments

What Is the Lightning Network?The Lightning Network matters because Bitcoin’s base layer is excellent at settlement but poor at handling many small, fast payments. Lightning changes the unit of work: instead of asking the blockchain to record every transfer, it records only the opening and closing of relationships and lets the transfers happen in between.Mar 21, 202625 min read

What is a Change Output?A Bitcoin payment often creates an output back to the sender

What is a Change Output?A Bitcoin payment often creates an output back to the sender. That is the change output, and it exists because Bitcoin does not let you shave value off a coin in place: a UTXO is spent whole, with any remainder explicitly returned in a new output.Mar 21, 202622 min read

What Is Child Pays for Parent (CPFP)?Child Pays for Parent solves a simple but important problem: what if a transaction is valid but underpaid, and you cannot or do not want to replace it? By attaching a high-fee child that spends one of its outputs, you can make miners care about the package rather than the weak parent alone

What Is Child Pays for Parent (CPFP)?Child Pays for Parent solves a simple but important problem: what if a transaction is valid but underpaid, and you cannot or do not want to replace it? By attaching a high-fee child that spends one of its outputs, you can make miners care about the package rather than the weak parent alone.Mar 21, 202623 min read